By
Предлог by употребляется, чтобы сказать, как, с помощью каких среств мы что-то делаем.
- Мы используем by во многих выражениях. Например, мы говорим:
- send something by post, call somebody by phone, do something by hand, pay by credit card, contact somebody by email
- Can I pay by credit card?
- You can contact me by email.
- Но мы говорим pay cash или pay in cash.
- Также можно сказать by mistake, by accident, by chance:
- We hadn't arranged to meet. We met by chance.
- Но мы говорим do something on purpose.
- I didn't do it on purpose. It was an accident
- Заметьте, что мы употребляем by chance, by cheque и т.д. без артикля the или a.
- Таким же образом, мы употребляем by, чтобы сказать, как мы передвигаемся:
- by car, by train, by plane, by boat, by ship, by bus, by bike, by road, by rail, by air, by sea, by underground.
- Boris usually goes to work by bus.
- How do you prefer to travel, by plane or by train?
- Но есть исклчение on foot:
- Are you going there on foot?
- Нельзя использовать by если вы говорите my car, the train, a taxi и т.д. Мы употребляем by только с существительными без артикля и без притяжательного местоимения. Например:
- by car но in my car
- by train но on the train
- Мы употребляем in для автомобилей и такси:
- They didn't come in their car. They came in a taxi.
- Мы используем on для велосипедов, автобусов, поездов и т.д.:
- We travelled on the 6.45 train.
- Мы употребляем by в страдательном залоге: something is done by somebody или by something:
- Have you ever been bitten by a dog?
- The programme was watched by millions of people.
- Сравните by и with:
- The safe must have been opened by somebody with a special key.
- Мы говорим a play by Shakespeare, a painting by Rembrandt, a novel by Tolstoy и т.д.:
- Have you read anything by Ernest Hemingway?
- By может еще означать рядом:
- Come and sit by me.
- "Where's the light switch?" "By the door."
- Обратите внимание на следующее использование by:
- Lola's salary has just gone up from £2,000 a month to £2,200. So it has increased by £200 or by ten per cent.
- Carl and Peter had a race over 200 metres. Carl won by about three metres.